alternate spp. kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana mumbesa dzembatatisi nematomatisi. Blight yekutanga inokonzerwa ne Alternaria solani uye nzvimbo yebrown inokonzerwa ne alternaria alternata zvinowanzoitika, asi chirwere chakaoma chakasiyana zvakanyanya.
alternate marudzi anotora mararamiro akasiyana-siyana. Ivo vanonyanya kurarama sesaprophytes muvhu uye inoora chirimwa zvinhu. Pane alternate mhando, kunyanya A. alternata, izvo zvinokonzeresa allergies muvanhu kana kuti pathogenic muvarwere vasina immunocompromised. Pazvirimwa, utachiona hune necrotrophic uye hunokonzera zvirwere zvezvirimwa zvine chekuita nehupfumi uye kuora mushure mekukohwa . Zvisinei, alternate inogonawo kurarama se endophyte mukati memiti pasina kukonzera chirwere.
Mamwe akawanda makuru-spored alternate kubva pachikamu Leeks zvakataurwa zvakare pamusoro pembatatisi nematomatisi. Alternaria blumeae yakataurwa pamusoro pembatatisi nematomatisi. Alternaria crassa inoshumwa pamatomatisi nemamwe mahosi, asi kwete mbatatisi, uye an A. crassa Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe kubva kune mumwe muenzi akakwanisa kutapurira matomatisi. Alternaria argyroxiphii yakataurwa nezvembatatisi uye kunyangwe isingawanikwe pazvirimwa zvemadomasi, yaikwanisa kuvatapurira pasi pemamiriro emurabhoritari.
Maronda ekutanga eblight anotanga ari madiki, makwapa ebrown uye anowedzera kuva maronda ebrown kusvika kumatema anowanzoita mhete dzakadzika, dzakaita senge kunangwa . Izvo zviri nyore kuziva, sezvo zvine chimiro chakasiyana-siyana chebhuru-ziso rine mhete dzakadzika. Mashizha akabatwa anove eyero uye anonhuwirira kusvika aoma kana kudonha. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, izvi zvinogona kukonzera defoliation yakakwana.
Brown spot (BS) inokonzerwa nediki-spored alternate chechikamu alternate . Kazhinji, A. alternata inonzi inokonzeresa BS pambatatisi nematomatisi, asi vamwe vanyori vanongosanganisira A. alternata sensu lato seimwe yemhando inokonzera EB. Kunyangwe zvazvo EB yakakonzerwa nemhando huru-spored ichionekwa sechirwere chikuru, madiki-spored marudzi anowanzo kuwanikwa pambatatisi. A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici inofanana ne A. arborescens. Zvose A. alternata uye A. arborescens Zvinowanzotaurwa sechikonzero chechirwere chematomatisi. Muminda yemadomasi inongobatwa, A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici (ikozvino A. arborescens) inokonzeresa chirwere chedzinde, chinoonekwa sezvigwere zvakasvibira pamadzinde uye necrosis yemashizha. Stem canker yakasiyana neEBDC nekuda kwekusiyana kwakakosha kwepathogenesis, zvakadai sehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona, kushandiswa kwehutu-selective toxins, uye kucherechedza kuti jasmonic acid kuisa chiratidzo kunowedzera kukanganisa, zvichiita kuti kuve nekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana mumatanho ehutachiona hwehutachiona. Landschoot, Vandecasteele, De Baets, et al. (2017) zvakaratidza kuti vamwe A. arborescens masote anogona zvakare kukanganisa mbesa dzembatatisi.
Chirwere chebrown spot chinotanga netwumakwapa tutema tunenge twakapararira pamusoro peshizha . Maronda ebrown madiki pane EB uye anotangira kubva kumadota kusvika pa10 mm mudhayamita . Ivo zvakare havagadzirise concentric mhete. Iwo mavara anogona kuitika padanho rega rega rekukura kwechirimwa. Nekufambira mberi kwechirwere, maronda anobatana munzvimbo dzakakura dzenecrotic dzine miganho yebrown, iyo inogona kupedzisira yakonzera akaomeswa, senescent mashizha .
Hapana teleomorphs yeEBDC-inokonzera alternate spp. vanozivikanwa. Saka, kubereka kunoitika kuburikidza nemulticellular uye asexual conidia. Conidia inosunungurwa kubva kune conidiophores yavo nemhepo kana mvura, inowana kuwanda kwakanyanya mumhepo uye ivhu . Mamiriro akakodzera ekumera kweEBDC conidia i25°C, yakanyoroveswa matishu, uye 100% mwando. Kumera kunowanzoitika mukati memaawa matatu, kuchiteverwa nenguva yakavigwa inotangira epidermal kupinda iyo inopfupika nekuwedzera virulence. Kupinda kune matishu anogashira kunoitwa nemaronda anopinda, kupinza hyphae pakati peepidermal cell interfaces kuburikidza neappressorium, kana nekupinda zvakananga epidermis uchishandisa cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). Kubudirira kwekoloni kunotungamirira kune necrotic maronda mushure memavhiki 3-1, kazhinji akakomberedzwa ane yellow halo ye senescent tissue kubva mukupararira kwefungal-derived phytotoxins. Maronda anogadzira imwe conidia iyo systemically colonize mugadziri kuti aite chechipiri hutachiona pamashizha, madzinde, michero, uye machubhu. Utachiona hunoonekwa zvakanyanya muvanhu vakuru, vanonzwa matishu. Maronda ekutanga kazhinji asingaoneki, uye yechipiri sporulation kunotungamirira kuhutachiona hunorema gare gare mumwaka. Nekuda kwehupamhi hwekugamuchira huwandu hweEBDC, kunyanya A. alternata, inoculum inogona kubva kana kupararira kune yechipiri mauto. Conidiospores ine gobvu, kazhinji melanized, maseru madziro uye anogona kugara muvhu kwenguva yakati wandei. Mukusavapo kwevaenzi vakakodzera, EBDC inogona kupinda saprobic mararamiro . Mushure menguva refu yemamiriro asina kunaka mumwaka, intercalary hyphae inoumba chlamydospores inoungana kuita microsclerotia. Microsclerotia inoshivirira yakashata mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye overwinter muvhu kusvikira mamiriro aita zvakanaka kune pathogenesis, ichiratidza hukuru hukuru muvhu zvichienzaniswa nechero imwe sero rudzi.
Kudzvinyirirwa kwechirwere naizvozvo kunotsamira pakurima uye, kunyanya mumbatatisi, kazhinji kwakabatana nenguva yekukura. Mbeu dzekutanga dzinokura dzinowanzo batwa zvakanyanya nekuti dzinochengeta mashizha akare, ane senescent ayo anogona kushanda senzira iri nyore yekupinda pathogen. Zvakadaro, sekuziva kwedu mbeu dzisingarambiki zvachose hadzipo. Nepo hurongwa hwekutonga hwakakwana huri kukurukurwa, kuoma kwekudyidzana-pathogen kunoita kuti kushandiswa kwefungicide kuchiri chiyero chinoshanda zvakanyanya kupikisa. alternate spp. mune yakabatanidzwa yekudzivirira chirimwa zano.
Nekudaro, mumakumi emakore apfuura kurasikirwa kwekunzwa uye pakupedzisira kupikisa fungicide kwakataurwa kune ese makuru makirasi efungicide achipokana neEBDC. Mapoka maviri makuru efungicide anonanga kufema kwefungal. Quinone-outside inhibitors (QoIs), kusanganisira, semuenzaniso, azoxystrobin uye pyroblostrobin, inhibisa mitochondrial kufema nekudzivirira electron transport chain of complex III. Rimwe boka rekufema inhibitors ndiro succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs), semuenzaniso, boscalid. Izvi zvinokanganisawo ketani yekutakura erekitironi, asi pane imwe nzvimbo inotarirwa, inonzi succinate dehydrogenase, inova chikamu chekuoma II.
Iko kupikisa kweQoI kunonyanya kuverengerwa kune imwe chaiyo point mutation mukati A.solani (F129L) uye A. alternata (G134A) . Zvidzidzo kubva kuUnited States zvakaratidza kukurumidza kuwedzera mwero wekupokana neQoIs, kunyanya azoxystrobin. Iko kuderera kwekunzwa kwakatanga kucherechedzwa makore maviri mushure mekunge fungicide yave kuwanikwa mune zvekutengesa uye Gudmestad et al. (2013) yakawana iyo yakabatana point mutation mu 99% yemasampuli muna 2010 uye 2011. Leiminger et al. (2014) yakashuma chiitiko chakafanana muGermany. QoIs yakatanga kunyoreswa seyakakura blight-specific fungicide muna 2007 uye yekutanga isingadzivirirwe yakawanikwa muna 2009. Muchidzidzo chakazotevera kubva kuSweden, Edin (2012) yakawana iyo F129L shanduko mune dzinenge dzese dzakaedzwa dzega.
Kusiyana neQoI kuramba, iyo SDHI kuramba inosanganiswa neakati wandei mapoinzi shanduko. Aya shanduko akagoverwa pakati pe subunit B (H278R neH278Y), subunit C (H134R), uye subunit D (H133R uye D123E). Yekutanga yekuzviparadzanisa ine shanduko inotungamira kune boscalid kuramba yakawanikwa muIdaho muna 2009 uye 2010, isingasviki makore mashanu mushure mekunge fungicide yanyoreswa muUnited States. Pakazosvika 2014 na2016, kuitika kwekuchinja kwakapetwa kaviri kwakasimbiswa muUnited States neBelgium, zvichiteerana . Zvidzidzo kubva kuNottensteiner et al. (2019) uye Bauske et al. (2018) yakaratidza imwe yeiyi sdh shanduko mu43% yeGerman yakazvitsaura uye inenge yese US yakazvitsaura, zvichiteerana. Yese genome sequencing ye48 A.solani Kuzvitsaura kubva kuEurope yese kwakaratidza kuti SDHI kuramba shanduko dzakamuka mune dzakasiyana genetic kumashure, zvichiratidza kuti SDHI kuramba shanduko yakaitika kakawanda zvakazvimiririra, zvichiratidza kugona kwekushanduka A.solani .
Boka rechitatu refungicide rinoshandiswa kurwisa alternate spp. Inonzi demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Iyo nzira yeDMI kushorwa inosanganiswa neakachinja mazinga ekutaura uye inogona kushanduka yenzvimbo inotarirwa Cyp51. Pakazara, kushorwa neboka iri, iro rinosanganisira semuenzaniso difenoconazole, harina kunyanya kupararira pane kupikisa kurwisa kufema inhibitors. Zvisinei, DMI-resistant A. alternata zvakaparadzana zvakawanikwa pazvirimwa zvakawanda .
Mufananidzo: Maria A. Kuznetsova (All-Russian Phytopathology Research Institute), EPPO Global Database, https://gd.eppo.int
Chirevo: Schmey, T., Tominello-Ramirez, CS, Brune, C. & Stam, R. (2024) alternate zvirwere zvembatatisi nematomatisi. Molecular Plant Pathology, 25, e13435. Inowanikwa kubva: https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13435
