Mhando yetuber flea beetle Epitrix papa Orlova-Bienkowskaja (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) chipembenene chitsva chembatatisi muEurope, chiripo muPortugal neSpain. MuPortugal, E. Papa inogona kunge yakaunzwa muna 2004 asi yakazongobuda sechipembenene muna 2008, payakapinda munzvimbo yakakosha yekurima iri nechepakati kumadokero kwePortugal. Munharaunda iyi, mbesa dzakawanda dzembatatisi dzinorimwa gore negore, zvichiita kuti pave nechikafu chakawanda kuti mhuka dzibereke. Muna 2012, mhuka iyi yakarongedzerwa sechinhu chakavharirwa muEuropean Union (EU), zvichienderana nemirairo yepamutemo yekudzivirira kupararira kwayo uye kuiswa munyika dzakasara dzeEU. Mhuka iyi yakatanga kuzivikanwa seNorth-America Epitrix yakafanana Gentner asi akazozivikanwa semhando itsva (E. Papa) yekwakabva. Zvidzidzo zvebiology yayo uye ecology zvishoma. Hupenyu kutenderera, mapatani ekukuvadzwa kwetuber uye kukodzera kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemiti yekuberekesa E. Papa dzakaongororwa murabhoritari. Hupenyu nemaitiro e E. Papa akafanana neaya emhando mbiri dzeAmerican tuber flea beetle dzinokosha. Epitrix tuberis Gentner uye Epitrix yanazara Bech., iripo, zvichiteerana, muNorth America (USA neCanada) uye muSouth America (Peru). Madzimai anokandira mazai muvhu uye mhunga inodya pamidzi, stolons uye tubers yemiti yemiti. Kana vapedza kukura kwavo, mhunga inomira kudya, inosiya nzvimbo yemidzi uye inovaka kamuri yepupation ine zvimedu zvevhu, kwainokura kuita vanhu vakuru. Vakuru vatsva vanobuda muvhu votsvaga zvirimwa zvekudyisa. Vanotsenga makomba madiki mumashizha, zvichibva patani yepfuti isina kukosha pakukura kana kunaka kwechirimwa. Kusiyana neizvi, miforo inomonereka inogadzirwa pamusoro pemachubhu nemakonye ine chiratidzo chisina kunaka chekuona, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kurambwa kwekutakura mbatatisi.
Iyo phenology yehuwandu hwevanhu E. Papa haina kunzwisiswa zvakanaka. Chikonzero chikuru ndechokushayikwa kwemisungo inoshanda uye nzira dzakavimbika dzinodhura dzekufungidzira kuwanda kwevanhu vakuru. Semuyenzaniso, zvirongwa zvekuongorora zvakagadzirwa muCanada zvekufungidzira kuwanda kwehuwandu hwemarudzi ane hukama E. tuberis vane mari yakakwira yakabatana. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinoda hunyanzvi hwevashandi vakadzidziswa uye zvinodawo kuitwa vhiki nevhiki. Kururama kwefungidziro kwakawanikwa zvakare kunoenderana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwezvakatipoteredza zvakasiyana-siyana izvo zvakaoma kuenzanisa, sekukwirira kwechirimwa, mamiriro ekunze uye nguva yezuva. Chechipiri chikonzero kugona kwezvipenyu zvine chekuita nekushandisa dzimwe mbatatisi kana mbesa dzembatatisi dzisipo. Pamusoro pevaenzi ava, kunyanya blacknightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) uye aubergine (Solanum melongena L.), E. Papa haikonzeri kukanganisa kwehupfumi uye saka hapana kuongororwa kunoitwa uye zvipembenene zvinoramba zvisingaoneki. Pakupedzisira, chimwe chikonzero ndechokuti E. Papa inogarisana muPortugal ine morphologically yakafanana tuber flea beetle mhando Epitrix yecucumber (Harris), iyo isingagoni kusiyaniswa mumunda . Uku kusava nechokwadi nezve phenology uye mwaka kuwanda kwe E. Papa inodzivirira kugadzirwa kwehwaro hwezvakatipoteredza hwematanho ekudzora.
MuCanada, chirongwa chekurwisa zvipembenene chakanangana nekuona uye kudzora kwakasimba kwevakuru vakanyura uye makonye echizvarwa chekutanga, vachivavarira kudzora zvisina kunanga chizvarwa chinotevera, icho magonye anokonzera zvakanyanya kukuvadza hupfumi. Izvi zvinowanikwa nemaitiro ekudzivirira etsika, anowedzerwa nekushandiswa kwevhu uye foliar zvipembenene munguva yekurima mbatatisi. Kubudirira kwepamusoro kwezviyero zvetsika, zvinoti kutenderedza mbesa nekubvisa masara egoho nemasora, kuitira kudzora kuvakwa kwezvirimwa. E. tuberis huwandu hwevanhu pakati pemwaka, uye nekudaro kuderedza huwandu hwehuwandu hwezvipembenene zvakapfuura, zvakaratidzwa kare. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoshandiswa apo kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu vakuru kunosvika padanho rehupfumi rakamiswa.
MuPortugal, zano rakafanana rinokurudzirwa kudzora Epitrix spp. huwandu hwevanhu, hwakavakirwa pamatanho ekudzivirira etsika, anowedzerwa nefoliar mishonga yezvipembenene. Nekuda kwekuti mimwe misika yeEU inotenga kunze kwenyika inongobvuma kukuvadzwa kwezero tuber flea beetle, kuiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunogona kutanga muchirimo kana chirimwa chamera, muzvirimwa zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Nguva yekupfapfaidza iyi yekutanga inobva pakuonekwa kwekuvapo kwezvipembenene zvekutanga zvakanyungudika pamiti yembatatisi. Munguva iyi yegore, mapollinator nezvimwe zvipembenene zvinobatsira zvinotanga kushanda uye zvinotarisana nemigumisiro ine chepfu yezvipembenene izvi. Kunonoka kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunoderedza kukanganisa kwadzo pazvipembenene zvinobatsira, kunyange zvazvo kukanganisa kwekunonoka kwakadaro pakudzora kwese kwekukuvara kwezvipembenene kuchiri kuzivikanwa.
Mufananidzo: EPPO (2024) EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int
Reference: Boavida, C., Santos, M. uye Naves, P. (2019), Biological maitiro e Epitrix papa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), chipembenene chitsva chembatatisi muEurope, uye zvinokonzeresa kubata zvipembenene. Agr Sango Entomol, 21: 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12344
