Dzimwe nzira dzakatsvaga kubatsira kubata Colorado mbatata zvipembenene
Neonicotinoid zvipembenene zvakakosha pakubata Colorado mbatatisi zvipembenene nemaaphid mumbatatisi, asi zvinonetsa pakushandisa kwavo zviri kukura.
Vatengesi vakawanda vari kuda kuti vatengesi vavo vashandise nzira dzakabatanidzwa dzekuchengetedza zvipembenene, uye vamwe vatengesi vari kubvisa zvigadzirwa zvine mushonga wezvipembenene zvachose.
Ongororo yeEPA yekukanganisa kweneonicotinoids (inowanzonzi neonics) pazvipenyu zviri mungozi inoenderera, paine zviratidzo zvekuti kushandiswa kwavo kucharambidzwa mune ramangwana. Vatsoropodzi vakabatanidza kushandiswa kwakapararira neonic nekuwedzera kuramba pakati pezvipembenene, kukuvadza kune zvinosvibisa uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vatengesi vakuru vakaita seWalmart neCostco vakakurudzira vatengesi vezvigadzirwa zvitsva kuti vabvise makemikari.
Nyaya dzekupokana dzakadzikisira zvishoma nezvishoma kushanda kweneonics yekudzora Colorado mbatatisi nyuchi, kupfupisa hwindo rekuita kwavo. Vegetable entomology research kubva kuGroves Lab paYunivhesiti yeWisconsin vakawana hwindo rekushanda rakapfupikiswa nemazuva makumi mashanu kubva pakanyoreswa mishonga yezvipembenene muna 50. Izvi zvinoshandura kune 1995 mamwe mazuva ekarenda ekurasika kwekudzora kana 3.3 Kukura Degree Days (GDD) pagore. .
GDD ndeyekuverengera kwemamiriro ekunze-kwakavakirwa zvirimwa kunoyera kuunganidzwa kwekupisa kufanotaura kukura kwezvirimwa netumbuyu.
"Pane imwe nguva, chikumbiro chekudyara chakapa kutonga kunoshanda zvakanyanya," akadaro Zsofia Szendrei, purofesa uye yemiriwo Extension nyanzvi muDhipatimendi reEntomology paMichigan State University. "Zvino, varimi vari kungowana mwedzi kusvika kumwedzi nehafu yekudzora, kana pamwe inguva yakati rebei."
Szendrei, anoongorora makemikari ecology, biological control, pekugara manejimendi uye maitiro ezvipembenene, ari kutungamira timu yenyika yekutsvagisa mbatatisi ichitsvaga neonicotinoid dzimwe nzira. USDA's Specialty Crop Research Initiative yakazivisa mari yepurojekiti inosvika miriyoni matanhatu yekudzidza nzira dzekudzivirira zvipembenene zvembatatisi muna Kukadzi. Chinangwa chikuru chepurojekiti, chinotsigirwa neMbatatisi USA, ndechekutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekushandisa neonicotinoids.
Colorado mbatata zvipembenene zvakanaka kuchinjika kune chepfu mumishonga yezvipembenene nekuti dzakashanduka dzichidya pamashizha emiti ye solanaceous ine muchetura alkaloids. Solanaceous zvinomera ndezvemhuri yenightshade uye zvinosanganisira mbatatisi, matomatisi, eggplant uye mhiripiri. Kuratidzwa kune sublethal doses ye neonicotinoids chimwe chikonzero chekuwedzera kuramba, sekunyanya kuvimba nekirasi imwechete yezvipembenene.
Neonicotinoids ine mazita akawanda ekutengeserana uye akati wandei anoshanda, kusanganisira imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin uye dinotefuran. Zvose zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zviri mukirasi yeMoA (Mode of Action) ye4A, uye inouraya zvipembenene nenzira imwechete. Mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwekuramba ndeyekuti kutsvagisa uye mamwe mafoliar application anodiwa kudzora Colorado mbatata beetle.
Zvichakadaro, kutevedzera yakajairwa zano rekutonga Colorado mbatatisi bhiti kuramba ichiri chirongwa chakanakisa, nyanzvi dzinoti:
- Usashandise foliar neonicotinoid insecticide gare gare mumwaka kana neonicotinoid insecticide yakaiswa pakudyara.
- Tenderedza zvirimwa uye chengeta zvishoma chikamu chimwe muzvina chemamaira pakati peminda yembatatisi.
- Chengetedza zvidzoreso zvechisikigo nekushandisa zvinouraya zvipembenene uye marapirwo egasi pakuongorora, maitiro esampling akakodzera uye zvikumbaridzo zvekuita.
- Usaise mishonga yezvipembenene pasi pemitengo yakanyorwa, shandisa mbesa dzekuteya mbatatisi pamicheto yemunda uye kurapa pazvinenge zvichiita.
Colorado mbatatisi beetle (CPB) vanhu vane kugona kunoshamisa kukudziridza kurwisa zvipembenene - kusanganisira akawanda ecarbamate, organophosphate, pyrethroid, spinosyn, uye neonicotinoid zvipembenene zviri kushandiswa nhasi. Kugona kweCPB kukudziridza kuramba hazvishamise kana ukafunga kuti chipembenene ichi chaifanira kutora nzira dzekushivirira kuwanda kwechepfu glycoalkaloids mune yavo solanaceous host. Muchidimbu, zvipembenene izvi zvakagara zvakashongedzerwa kubata nehupfu. Zvinogona kutora shanduko diki chete kuti dzipe kuramba kune muchetura mutsva.
Uyezve, CPBs kubereka huwandu hukuru hwevana, zvichiwedzera zvakanyanya mikana isingachinjiki nemushonga wezvipembenene inoitika zvisina tsarukano. Funga kuti mazai 50 pachirimwa chimwe nechimwe, akapetwa ne20,000 10 mbesa dzembatatisi paeka, anogona kubereka zvipembenene miriyoni muchizvarwa chimwe chete. Uye kazhinji kune zvizvarwa zviviri kana zvitatu mumwaka. Kana mushonga wezvipembenene ukatanga kuiswa pachirimwa, twupukanana twunenge twanangidzirwa (zvichida mumwe chete pamamiriyoni gumi) hunogona kurarama nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka. Kana pasina chimwe chinhu chinoauraya, mashoma mashoma anochinja anoberekana. Uye vazhinji vevana vavo vachagara nhaka yemaitiro ekurwisa zvipembenene.
- Kutenderedza Mbatatisi uye Kupatsanurana: CPB inodarika nguva yechando sevanhu vakuru muvhu muminda yembatatisi yegore rapfuura inozobuda muchirimo kuzodya, kuberekana, uye kukandira mazai. Makonye anobuda mumazai, anodya kwekanguva, obva adonhera pasi kuti abereke uye atangezve kutenderera kanopfuura katatu mumwaka. Kuisa mbatatisi dzegore rino kure nedzegore rapfuura kunoita kuti zviomere maCPB kuwana chimwe chekudya paanobuda. Vanodya chete zvirimwa zvinopisa solanaceous nemasora, uye havafambi nzendo refu. Kuti zano iri rinyatso kudzikisa kudzvanywa kweCPB, patsanura munda neinosvika 0.25 mamaira
- Pfaya Mafungiro: Mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene inodzikisira kana mushonga wekupfapfaidza wakanyanya kuwanda (semuenzaniso, spinosad, spinetoram). Vamwe vanodzikisira kana mhinduro iri alkaline-neutral (semuenzaniso, phosmet). Uye haufanirwe kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene ine sticker/binder type adjuvants (semuenzaniso, abamectin nethiamethoxam). Zvigadzirwa izvi hazvishande nemazvo kana ukasateerera kune izvi, izvo zvinowanzobatanidzwa mune chigadzirwa label.
- Nguva yekushandisa uye Rate:
Zviri kuyedza kugadzira mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene pafoliar paunongoona zvipembenene zvakura. Asi kazhinji unowana kushanda kuri nani kana ukamirira kuti gonye ribude. Mishonga yezvipembenene mizhinji inoshanda zvakanyanya kurwisa makonye madiki achangochochonywa. Isu tinowanzokurudzira kugadzira mafomu efoliar kana 50% yemakonye akachochonya. Monitor CPB vanhu padhuze kuti uwane nguva chaiyo. Shandisa iyo yakazara label rate (dosage) yemushonga wezvipembenene kuti uwane mhedzisiro yakanaka. - Tenderedza Mishonga Yezvipembenene neMaitiro Akasiyana siyana:
Kuvimba nemushonga wezvipembenene (kana kuti akawanda anouraya nemaitiro akafanana echiito) anogona kukurumidza kuguma nekupokana kana kuchinjika muhuwandu hweCPB. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) inoronga mishonga yezvipembenene zvichienderana nemaitirwo azvo. Saka iwe unofanirwa kutenderedza mishonga yezvipembenene kubva kumapoka akasiyana eIRAC nechishandiso chega chega. Kana ukasauraya utachiona husingachinji neimwe, unogona kuadzora nekuzoisa mushonga unouraya zvipembenene wakasiyana. - Neonicotinoid Insecticides:
Varimi vazhinji vembatatisi vanotaura kutonga kwakanaka kweCBPs pavanoisa neonicotinoid (IRAC Boka 4) pakudyara kana kukurisa. Izvo zvave zvichizivikanwa kupa 80 kune 100 mazuva ekusara ekutonga. Asi kuratidzirwa kune mishonga inouraya zvipembenene nekuramba kwenguva refu mumashizha kunogona kuumba yakasimba sarudzo yekumanikidza kune kuramba. Kune akawanda neonicotinoid-resistant CPB vanhu muEast uye Midwest. Kuti tideredze njodzi kuMadokero, tinobvunza varimi kana vakashandisa chirimwa kana ku-hilling neonicotinoid, kusaisa chero foliar neonicotinoids mumwaka. - Vanozvipira Mbatata uye CPBs:
Mbatatisi dzekuzvipira inzvimbo yekutanga chikafu uye nzvimbo yekuberekera yevakuru veCPB inobuda muminda yembatatisi yegore rapfuura. Vanowanzogara pamiti iyi, asi vamwe vevana vavo vanogona kupedzisira vapinda mumbatatisi yegore rino. Kana volunteers dzakajairika munharaunda yako, tarisa kune ava vanonoka kusvika. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakashandiswa kudzora CPBs yakaratidza kare (ine at-plant neonicotinoid) inogona kunge yapera. - Kuwedzerwa Diapause :
Vamwe vanhu veCPB vanodzivirira kusangana nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene nekugara pasi pevhu kwenguva yakareba uye kunonoka kukura kwavo. Iyi nzira yekurwisa inonzi yakawedzera diapause. Ichi chimwe chikonzero chekutarisa huwandu hweCPB muminda yembatatisi zvakanyanya. Iwe unogona kuita maapplication kana zvipembenene zviripo pane kumwaya pakarenda.
