Iyo 1840s nzara yembatatisi yeIrish inomira sechiyeuchidzo chakasimba chekuparadza kwezvirwere zvezvirimwa zvinogona kuve nekuchengetedza chikafu. Chirwere chakaparadza zvirimwa zvembatatisi zveIreland, zvakakonzerwa nechirwere ichi Phytophthora infestans, zvakakonzera nzara yakapararira nokuderera kwevanhu. Zvisinei, hondo pakati pembatatisi nechirwere ichi haina kupera muzana remakore rechi19. Kutaura zvazviri, kutamburira kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi nhasi sezvo varimi vezvirimwa nemasayendisiti vachimhanya kukunda utachiona huri kushanduka.
Ongororo ichangoburwa kubva kuNorth Carolina State University yakaburitsa mwenje mutsva pamujaho wezvombo uyu. Rakatsikiswa mukati Nature Communications, tsvakiridzo iyi ndiyo yekutanga kuongorora panguva imwe chete majini echirimwa chembatatisi anoshingirira uye anoita kuti utachiona uhu huite—aya anobatsira utachiona hunokonzera utachiona. Nekuongorora DNA kubva kumashizha embatatisi enhoroondo, vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kutsvaga kushanduka-shanduka kwechirimwa uye pathogen muzana remakore rapfuura.
Nzira Inokuvadza
Chikwata chekutsvagisa, chinotungamirwa neaimbopedza kudzidza Allison Coomber naProfessor Jean Ristaino, vakashandisa nzira yekucheka-cheka inozivikanwa seyakanangwa kusimudzira kutevedzana. Iyi nzira yakavabvumira kutora uye kuongorora zvidimbu zveDNA kubva muchirimwa uye pathogen iripo pamasample emashizha mamwe chete. Muzvidzidzo zvechinyakare, vaongorori vaitarisa pane chirimwa kana utachiona, asi nzira mbiri idzi dzaipa maonero akazara ekudyidzana kwavo.
Dr. Jean Ristaino, William Neal Reynolds Purofesa Anoremekedzwa wePlant Pathology kuNorth Carolina State University, akasimbisa hutsva hwenzira iyi:
“Hatina kukwanisa kuita basa iri makore gumi nemashanu apfuura nekuti majenomu akange asina kutevedzana. Iyo nzira yekusimudzira mbiri yakatibvumira kutora nzvimbo dzakanangwa dzevatambi uye pathogen genomes, kunyangwe muhuwandu husina kuenzana. "
Tsvakurudzo yakanangana ne FAM-1 dambudziko re Phytophthora infestans, iyo yakakonzera nzara yembatatisi yeIrish uye yakaramba ichitambudza mbesa dzembatatisi pasi rose. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti rudzi urwu runogona kurwisa chirimwa chembatatisi R1 resistance gene nguva refu varimi vezvirimwa vasati vatanga kuitumira. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pathogen yakanga yatove yakatarisana nemhando dzekudzivirira dzakafanana muhuwandu hwembatatisi dzemusango, zvichipa kutanga mukukunda kupindira kwevanhu.
Pathogen's Adaptation
Chimwe chezvakawanikwa zvakanyanya pachidzidzo ichi yaive kugona kunoshamisa kwepathogen kushanduka mukupindura kuedza kwekuramba. Kunyangwe varimi vezvirimwa pavakaunza majini matsva ekuramba, utachiona hwakakwanisa kugara nhanho imwe mberi, ichichinja maitiro ayo ekuita kuti ichengetedze kugona kwayo kwekutapukira. Tsvagiridzo yakawanawo kuti pathogen yakawedzera seti yemachromosomes pakati pa1845 na1954, zvichida zvichikonzera kubudirira kwayo mukushanduka-shanduka.
Zvisinei, haasi ose emajini anokonzera utachiona akachinja. Vamwe vakaramba vakagadzikana zvinoshamisa muzana remakore rapfuura, zvichiratidza kuti vanoita basa rinokosha mukupona kwayo. Kutarisa aya magene akagadzikana anogona kuve zano rinogoneka remangwana rekuedza kuuchika chirimwa.
Coomber akatsanangura kukosha kwemajini akagadzikana aya:
“Mushure memakore 100 ekupindira kwevanhu, kune mamwe majini asina kunyanya kuchinja muutachiona. Iwo akanyanya kugadzikana, pamwe nekuti anonyanya kukosha kune pathogen. Kutarisa iwo majini kwaizoita kuti zviome chaizvo kuti pathogen ibudise mhinduro inopikisa. "
Zvinoreva Kubereka Kwemangwana
Zvakawanikwa muchidzidzo ichi zvinogona kuve nezvazvinoreva zvakanyanya kune ramangwana rehurongwa hwekupfuya mbatatisi. Nekunzwisisa kuti pathogen yakashanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva, vapfuri vanogona kugadzira nzira dzekudzivirira dzinoshanda. Semuyenzaniso, vanogona kusarudza kushandisa majini anoratidza kuti akasimba kana kusanganisa marudzi akasiyana embatatisi dzemusango — nzira inonzi pyramiding.
Dr. Ristaino akati:
“Zvakaoma kuuchika zvirimwa zvine mutsindo isu tisina ruzivo rwakakwana nezvechirwere ichi. Iye zvino zvatava kuziva kuti zvipi zvakachinja nekufamba kwenguva, vapfuri vanogona kushandisa majini ekuramba akatsiga kana kuti mapiramidhi akawanda ekusagadzikana kubva kumarudzi akasiyana emusango. "
Tsvagiridzo iyi inomiririra danho rakakosha kumberi muhondo inoenderera mberi yekurwisa Phytophthora infestans uye inosimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa zvese chirimwa uye pathogen genetics. Basa iri rakatsigirwa nemari yakawanda, kusanganisira rutsigiro kubva kuTriangle Center yeEvolutionary Medicine neNational Science Foundation.
Chidzidzo chakabva kuNorth Carolina State University chinosimbisa kuomarara kwekudyidzana kwezvirimwa-pathogen uye matambudziko anosanganikwa nawo nevarimi mukugadzira kuramba kwakasimba. Sezvo nhangemutange yemaoko pakati pemiti yembatatisi uye Phytophthora infestans inoenderera mberi, tsvagiridzo iyi inopa maonero akakosha anogona kuunza zvirimwa zvakasimba mune ramangwana. Kutarisa kugadzikana kwemajini ekuita uye kushandisa nzira dzakaita sema pyramiding ejena kunogona kupa nzira nyowani dzekurwisa imwe yezvinotyisidzirwa nekurima zvakanyanya.
