Mbatata cyst nematodes: zvipembenene zvinoparadza

Mbatata (Mbatata L.) chikafu chakakosha chepasirese sezvo chine makabhohaidhiretsi akapfuma uye chinopa huwandu hwakakosha hweprotein, mavhitaminzi, uye fiber yekudya. Kunyange zvazvo mbatatisi ichibudirira zvakanyanya mumamiriro ekunze ane mwero, inorimwa munyika dzinopfuura 150 . Sezvinoita zvirimwa zvakawanda zvekurima, mbatatisi inosangana nematambudziko kubva kuhuwandu hwezvipembenene uye hutachiona. Pakati peizvi, mbatatisi cyst nematodes (PCNs) inomira seimwe yezvipembenene zvakanyanya mukugadzira mbatatisi.

Mhando mbiri dzePCNs, Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) uye Globodera pallida (Dombo), inotyisa kuzvirimwa mumhuri yeSolanaceae. Zvichibva kuSouth America mudunhu reAndean, idzi nematodes dzakagadzira kuvepo kwepasirese pamwe nembatatisi. Kupararira kwekutanga kwePCN kungangove sumo kuEurope yakaitika muma1850 kuburikidza nekutakura mbeu yakasvibiswa. Zvinhu izvi zvakatumirwa zvakakonzerwa nekutsvaga kweEurope kutsvaga utachiona husingasviki blight mushure mekuparadzwa kweIrish Potato Famine. Yakanga isiri kusvika 1881 iyo PCN kukuvara kwakanyorwa, sezvo zvakatora angangoita makumi matatu emakore kuti PCN vanhu vasvike mazinga anodiwa kukonzera kukuvara kunooneka pachirimwa.

Kugadzira mhinduro dzinoshanda dzekurwisa maPCN, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kutenderera kwehupenyu hwavo. Zvose G. rostochiensis uye G. pallida kuratidza mafambiro akafanana . Asati achekwa, nhanho yekutanga yevadiki (J1) nematode inopinda mumolt yayo yekutanga mukati me cyst uye inova yechipiri-nhanho infective juvenile (J2). Kuchechenya kubva muzai kunoenderana nezvakasiyana siyana zvezvakatipoteredza, uye chinokonzeresa chiri midzi exudates inovanzwa nezvinomera. Maexudates akadaro anoratidza kuJ2 kuti chikafu chinoshanda chiri pedyo. Mushure mekuwana mudzi wemuenzi, iyo J2 inoibaya uye inoenda kune pericycle. Mukati medunhu iri, iyo J2 inosarudza sero kuti rishandure kuita saiti yekudyisa, inozivikanwa se syncytium. Iyo J2 inopinda matatu ekuwedzera molts kuti afambire mberi akananga padanho revakuru. Munguva yekukura kwema molts, bonde renematode rinotariswa zvichienderana nekuwanikwa kwechikafu. Mishonga shoma inokonzera maPCN evarume, asi zvokudya zvakakwana zvinogadzira PCN dzevakadzi. Yechina uye yekupedzisira molt inoratidza shanduko kuenda kudanho revakuru. Madzimai anoramba ari mumudzi kuti aenderere mberi nekutora kudya uye kuwedzera muhukuru kusvikira abvarura cortex yemudzi. Vanhurume vanobuda pamidzi kuti vatsvage hadzi uye vanotungamirwa nemapheromones anogadzirwa neanotevera kuberekana . Mushure mekusangana, hadzi inokura uye inozofa yakazvimba. Iyo nematode cuticle inoomesa kuita inodzivirira cyst wall. Cyst color inopa nzira iri nyore yekusiyanisa pakati pemhando. Globodera rostochiensis cysts ndeyegoridhe yero, uku G. pallida cysts machena kana kirimu ane ruvara.

Mukati me cyst, mazana eJ2 nematodes anokura kubva kuJ1s mukati memazai uye anomirira chiratidzo kuti chicheche. Aya mazai akarara anogona kuramba ari muvhu kwemakore makumi maviri kana kupfuura pasina chirimwa. Iyo yakasarudzika nguva yakareba iyo PCNs inogona kurarama pasina muenzi inokonzeresa zvakakosha kune varimi sezvo ichida kunyatsotarisirwa uye kuronga kwehungwaru kune inoshanda PCN manejimendi. Kutenderedza mbesa (semuenzaniso, mbatatisi inotapukirwa ichiteverwa nemakore matatu ezvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana) inoshanda mukugadzirisa zvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda zvevhu asi ipfupi zvakanyanya kuti isaderedze huwandu hwevanhu vePCN.

MaPCN anogona kuderedza zvakanyanya goho rembatatisi zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, yekutanga PCN density, uye cultivar yakakura. Kuderedza goho hakukonzerwi nekukuvadzwa kwemachubhu, asi kunobva kune nematodes inotsausa chikafu chakakosha, chinokanganisa kukura kwechirimwa uye kuderedza kubereka. Sezvo nematodes ichipinda uye inofamba nemidzi, inokuvadzawo muviri, izvo zvinoita kuti chirimwa chibatwe nezvirwere zvechipiri kubva kune mamwe utachiona. Pamusoro pezvo, maPCN anokanganisa midzi basa nekudzikisa kurebesa midzi uye kuderedza kutorwa kwekudya). Izvi zvinoita kuti mbesa dzembatatisi dzikure uye mashizha ave yero . Kunyange zvazvo zviratidzo izvi zviri zviratidzo zvePCNs, hazvisi zvega kune zvipembenene. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti vasaonekwe kwenguva yakareba. Chiitiko chinowanzoitika chezviratidzo zvePCN munzvimbo yese yakazadzwa chinokonzerwa nekusaenzana kugoverwa kwePCNs, sezvo kufamba kwavo kushoma kunovavharira muhomwe dzenzvimbo. Kupararira kwePCNs kunowanzo fambiswa nemichina yepurazi yakasvibiswa, midziyo, kana mbatatisi yembeu yakafukidzwa nevhu rakazara.

Nemhaka yokuti maPCN anogona kuderedza zvikuru goho uye zvakaoma kutarisira, munzvimbo dzakawanda (zvakadai seUnited States), maPCN anorongedzerwa sezvipembenene zvinoparadzana. Izvi zvinoraira kuti varimi vanokanganisa vatevedzere yakawedzera phytosanitary matanho ekudzivirira kupararira uye kufambisa kudzikisira zvishoma nezvishoma uye pakupedzisira kubviswa kwehuwandu hwenematode.

Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa maPCN, kusanganisira kushandisa nematicides, zvirimwa zvekuteya, uye kurapwa kwevhu. Sezvo ongororo iyi yakanangana nekudzora nekushandisa mhando dzinopesana, isu hatizokurukura dzimwe nzira zvakare, kunze kwekuona kuti dzinoratidza mazinga akasiyana ekubudirira uye kuti dzinogona kushandiswa kuderedza PCN vanhu vari voga kana pamwe chete nekutumirwa. yemhando dzisingachinji.

Mbeu dzinodzivirirwa dzinowanzo shandiswa sechikamu chekutenderera kwechirimwa. Mhinduro yeNew York pakuwanikwa kwe G. rostochiensis inomiririra nyaya yekubudirira yekuti kutenderera kwezvirimwa kunogona sei kudzora maPCN pasina kudiwa kwekushandisa kwenguva refu nematicides.

Kufanana nezvirimwa zvemusungo, mhando dzinopesana mukutenderera uku dzinoita kuti maPCN avhare asi anobvumira zvishoma kana kusabereka. Izvi zvinoderedza G. rostochiensis inoculum mazinga ne90% kana kupfuura pese painokura mhando isingaite. Chirimwa chisingaiti chinoderedza mazinga einoculum mberi, nepo cultivar inotapukira inobvumira mazinga einoculum kuti awedzere, zvisinei kuti kwete kusvika kune yakakwirira kudarika pakatanga kutenderera. Chinangwa chekurima chirikubvira chakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva. Pakutanga, yaisanganisirwa nekuti varimi vazhinji vaive vasingafarire mhando dzembeu dzinoshingirira dzaivepo pakatanga chirongwa chekuchinjanisa. Mazuvano, murimi unotapurika unokurudzirwa nekuti unobatsira kunonotsa kukura kwekupokana-kupwanya G. rostochiensis matambudziko.

Pamusoro pekutenderera kwezvirimwa, New York inoshandisa mamwe maitiro ekutungamira kubatsira mukutonga kwePCN, kusanganisira kugezwa kwemidziyo yepurazi isati yasiya munda wakazara. Iyo USDA-APHIS inoongorora ivhu muminda yakazadzwa mushure mechirimwa chembatatisi yega yega kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwevanhu vePCN hahuna kuwedzera kusvika padanho rekupararira kune njodzi. Kuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu hunogona kuve chiratidzo chekuti kurwisa-kupwanya kushushikana kwavepo. Pakupedzisira, manejimendi akabudirira eNew York G. rostochiensis zvakagoneka chete kuburikidza nekushandira pamwe kunosanganisira vanopfuya mhuka, nematologists, masayendisiti ekuwedzera, varimi, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende nevehurumende vakabatana kuti vatore chipembenene .

Dheuteronomio: EPPO (2024) EPPO Dhatabhesi repasi rose. https://gd.eppo.int 

Reference: Spychalla, P., & De Jong, WS (2024). Kuberekera mbatatisi cyst nematode resistance in Mbatata. Crop Sayenzi, 64, 1167–1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21244