Mbatata inononoka kusvibiswa: chirwere chinogara chiripo

Potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans oomycete, is the most important disease of potato cultivation in the world. This disease affects both leaves, stems and tubers, reducing the yield by more than 50%.

Late blight chirwere che polycyclic, ndiko kuti, ine akati wandei ehutachiona uye kugadzirwa kweinoculum panguva imwechete yekukura, nepo mamiriro akanaka ekushisa kwakadzikama (7 kusvika 27 ° C) uye hunyoro hune hukama pamusoro pe80% varipo. . Iyo pathogen inogona kuchengetedzwa kubva kumwaka kusvika kumwaka seye mycelium pane utachiona hwembatatari, ingava mbeu, tsvina kana zvisaririra zvezvirimwa mumunda. Aya ma tubers anogona kumutsa chirimwa chinorwara, umo ma sporangia anogadzirwa ayo anoparadzirwa nemvura uye nemhepo, zvichibvumira hutachiona hwezvirimwa zvitsva uye nyama.

Pakutanga, chirwere chinozviratidza semadiki madiki, zvisina kujairika ayo akasvibira girini kusvika kurima girini, anotangira kumucheto kwemashizha uye achipararira pasina kuremekedza tsinga. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza, iwo mavara anowedzera muhukuru, achishanduka kuita hombe bhuruu kusvika kune nhema nhema necrotic, uye kuti, pamberi pemvura yemahara, jena rakachena rinogona kucherechedzwa pazasi peganda rine hutachiona, iro rinoumbwa ne sporangia utachiona. Pamatemu, maronda akapepuka kana akasviba akasviba anogona kuoneka, ayo anorebesa nekukomberedza hunde, achivaita kuti apwanye. Chikamu chekunze chehutachiona hune hutachiona hwakanyura munzvimbo dzisina kujairika, uko peel inotora shava kuti riite tsvuku,

MANAGEMENT YENHARA

Nekudzora kweichi pathogen, inowirirana manejimendi yechirwere inokurudzirwa, iyo inoreva kutsika nemakemikari kutonga. Naizvozvo, yekupedzisira blight control zano inofanirwa kufunga:

Hutsanana hwepfuma: kubviswa kwezvinhu zvese zvinonzi inoculums, ndiko kuti, zvisaririra zvemirimo, zvinomera zvekuzvidira, hutachiona, pakati pezvimwe, uye izvo zvinofanirwa kuraswa, kungave nekuviga, manyowa kana kupisa.

Tsika manejimendi izvo hazvifarire chirwere ichi: sekushandisa pazvinogoneka zvirimwa zvisingatapurike, nitrogen yekumesa zvinoenderana nechinangwa chekugadzira, kudyara huwandu hunofarira kupindirana kwemhepo, kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwezvirimwa uye tubers mubasa rekurima, kudiridza kwakanaka kunodzivirira mafashama , pakati pevamwe.

Kushandisa fungicides panguva yakakodzera: Paunenge uchishandisa fungicides kudzora chirwere ichi, zvakakosha kuti uishandise zvakakwana, uchiziva kugona kwekutonga, maitiro ekuita uye, zvakanyanya, nguva yekuisa pekutanga kushanda uye kuwanda kwayo, zvinoenderana nekushomeka kwembeu, iyo mamiriro ekunze. uye kuvepo kwepathogen munzvimbo iyi.

 Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti fungicides inoshanda zvakanyanya padanho rekutanga rehutachiona, zvisati zvaonekwa zviratidzo, saka zvinofanirwa kuiswa zvinodzivirira kana mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza ehutachiona amuka. Hapana fungicide inogona kurapa hutachiona zvachose, zvinoitika zvacho zvishoma kana blight yatanga, kunyanya kana mamiriro ekunze akanakira blight uye chirwere chiri kushanda.

Mafungicide ekushandisa anofanirwa kuitwa achishandisa madhizaini anokurudzirwa mukutengesa, nemubhobho wakakodzera unoburitsa madonhwe kuitira kufukidza zvakanaka uye kunyorovesa chirimwa, kunyanya pasi pepasi pemapepa acho kana paine fungicides. Chigadzirwa chinofanira kudzivirirwa kuti chisadonhedze pasi kuitira kuchengetedza pamutengo wekushandisa uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Uye zvakare, iyo yakasara mhedzisiro yechigadzirwa chinoshandiswa chinofanira kuzivikanwa, ndiko kuti, nguva yekudzivirira yemuti kurwisa utachiona. Zvakawanda zvinononoka kudzora blight zvigadzirwa zvine zvakasara mhedzisiro yemazuva manomwe uye zvakanyanya mazuva gumi.

ALERT SYSTEM PAKUTANGA UYE KUSHANDISA KWEMAFUNGICIDES

Sezvo kunonoka kusvibiswa kunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza, masystem ekutanga eyambiro anobatsira zvakanyanya maturusi ekutsigira. Aya masisitimu anoshandisa mamodheru anoenderana nemamiriro ekunze ekufanotaura njodzi yekukura kwechirwere.

MuChile, INIA yakagadzira nekushandisa yambiro yekutanga yekunonoka kunaya, inowanikwa papuratifomu http://tizon.inia.cl , iyo inoshandisa data kubva kuINIA agrometeorological network http://agrometerologia.cl kuona mamiriro ane njodzi akatenderedza chiteshi chega chega chemamiriro ekunze. Nhasi uno system ine vashanu vakanyoreswa vashandisi, vanogona kuwana ruzivo zvakananga kubva papuratifomu, neemail kana nekutumira mameseji.

 Mhedzisiro yedu inoratidza kuti kushandiswa kweyekutanga yambiro system inokwanisa kudzikisa huwandu hwezvishandiso zvinodiwa kuti ubate zvakanaka hutachiona, pakati pe64 ne33% zvichienzaniswa neyakagadziriswa kalendari, zvinoenderana nemamiriro enzvimbo nemwaka.

Iyo INIA yekuzivisa system inoratidza mamiriro azvino ekuburitswa kwesporangia uye hutachiona, nekudaro, kana pakaitika mamiriro akanaka, kurudziro ndeye kuchengetedza tsika. Nyevero dzinobvumidza kushandiswa panguva yakakodzera uye kwakaringana kwemakemikari kudzora, kudzikisa mutengo uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Iyo INIA yekutanga yambiro system inoratidza iyo njodzi mamiriro echirwere achishandisa mavara:

TSVUKU: VANOFANIRA mamiriro ekuvandudzwa kweLate Blight. Mafungicide mafomu anokurudzirwa. Chengetedza goho rakachengetedzwa uchifunga zvakasara zvinoitika muchigadzirwa.

ORENJI: YAKANAKA mamiriro ezvinhu eLate Blight. Mafungicide mafomu anokurudzirwa. Chengetedza goho rakachengetedzwa uchifunga zvakasara zvinoitika muchigadzirwa.

YERO: PAKATI-PASI mamiriro eLate Blight. Tarisa tsika mumazuva matatu anotevera. Chengetedza goho kana ukashandisa zvakasiyana zvinobatika kana uri pasi pemadiridziro.

GIRINHI: Iko hakuna mamiriro ekuvandudzwa kweLate Blight. Iko kushandiswa kwefungicides hakudi.

Pamusoro pezvo, mu INIA yambiro system papuratifomu, mamiriro ekufungidzira kwemazuva anotevera matatu anowanikwa. Saka vashandisi vanogona kuita sarudzo dzekutyaira pachine nguva.

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